Project Management in a Matrix Organization Thesis Proposal

Venture Management in a Matrix Organization - Thesis Proposal Example The fundamental objective of this procedure turned into a general rebuilding of endeavors, including wide scope of structures, strategies, and instruments focused on arrangement of feasible turn of events. Every one of these adjustments in the general public are so much worldwide that basic redesign of work will never be sufficient. Today, for having the option to relate to current conditions, standards, and standards, we should begin this rebuilding, above all else, from the period of evolving ourselves. That is the thing that called â€Å"a challenge†, which requests explicit information and aptitudes expertly and successfully applied practically speaking. As the world experience appears, the significant piece of such information base is such situational science as the executives. The disentangled meaning of â€Å"management† states that it is fundamental aptitudes which help to accomplish objectives utilizing work, mind, and intentions of different people’s co nduct in the most adequate and fullest manner. The desperation of the board had been imagined and quite a while back, when such execution transformed into calling, specialized topic turned into a genuine free control, and social layer developed in rather persuasive open force. At present, for having the option to assume effective working in the states of steady changes, each endeavor needs able and proficient administration. In the states of emergency, administrator must have the option to break down different choices of manufacture’s improvement, see viewpoints of the organization available, and increase will and capacity to withdraw staff into usage of purposes. What's more, it is basic to have an unmistakable and particular structure of the firm, comprehend the explanation of picking precisely this methodology, and know pretty much all potential outcomes that may come up the in future. For support of seriousness of the undertaking, hierarchical structure ought to give that all work is centered around explicit items and solid extreme shoppers. Hierarchical structure guesses dissemination of capacities and specialists focused on the procedure of dynamic among bosses and representatives that are liable for the presentation of basic regions. The issue of progress of hierarchical structure comprises of particular of subdivisions’ capacities, meaning of rights and duties among director and worker, end of multistaging, and duplications of enlightening streams. The primary reason for every one of these errands is to expand viability of the executives. Hierarchical structure should fabricate clear and solid connections between specific divisions of the firm alongside compelling dissemination of obligations between them. Authoritative structures of mechanical organizations are portrayed with a major assortment of structures and are characterized with numerous target factors and conditions. The last can incorporate the volume of modern execution, creatio n profile of the firm, or the character of monopolistic epitome. Every one of existed hierarchical structures has its particular temperances and drawbacks. Each authoritative st

Mormon ­Tabernacle Choir Featuring David Archuleta Glad Christmas Tidings free essay sample

Observe Christmas this year with the captivating hints of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, highlighting David Archuleta, on their new occasion collection, â€Å"Glad Christmas  ­Tidings.† The Mormon Tabernacle Choir alone is elevating and loaded with occasion soul in tracks, for example, â€Å"Three Dancing Carols† and â€Å"A Christmas Roundelay.† But on the off chance that that is insufficient, Archuleta loans his voice to a large portion of the tunes on the collection, and some have said his voice was made for Christmas music. Previously having discharged his own Christmas collection, Archuleta takes on some unique occasion tunes like â€Å"The Cat and the Mouse Carol† and â€Å"Los Pastores a Belen† (in Spanish), alongside works of art like â€Å"Joy to the World† and â€Å"Silent Night.† Archuleta consistently has a lofty yet euphoric sound to his voice when singing occasion tunes, and theres only something about him singing with the ensemble that is just supernatural. This collection will charm you and get you directly in the occasion soul. We will compose a custom paper test on Mormon  ­Tabernacle Choir Featuring David Archuleta: Glad Christmas Tidings or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page

Fast Facts about the University of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Washington

Fast Facts about the University of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Washington Fast Facts about the University of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Washington Fast Facts about the University of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Washington Fast Facts about the University of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Washington Fast Facts about the University of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Washington So youre interested in attending a large university in the Great White North, eh? Well, there are some things you should consider first. For example, did you know University of Michigan requires three supplemental essays? Or that the University of Washington  gives students the opportunity to respond to two optional essay prompts? Is the fact that the University of Wisconsin asks students to demonstrate their interest in the form of a 300-500 word essay news to you? Here are some more fast facts: University of Michigan University of Michigan is located in Ann Arbor. As part of his presidential campaign, John F. Kennedy delivered a speech at 2 am on the steps of the University of Michigan Union. He talked to students about his plans for the US Peace Corps. Why at 2am? Were not sure. James Earl Jones, who provided the iconic voice for Mufasa in Lion King, enrolled at Michigan as a pre-med student before jumping ship and graduating from the School of Music, Theatre, and Dance in 1955. Were glad he did. In 1927, U-M actually had two living, breathing wolverines as mascots instead of a human in a suit. It didnt last long. Michigan Stadium is the largest stadium in the United States. Tom Goss, a research lab technician in the dental school, plays harmonica on the Diag. Many students used to think he was homeless, hes actually a paid employee who loves to jam. University of Washington Willard Geer, a 1927 physics graduate, invented the process that made color television possible. University of Washington knows how to raise the roof. In fact, Husky Stadium has the record for having the loudest game in college football history: 130 decibels in the 1992 game against the Nebraska Cornhuskers. UW President Matthew Lyle Spencer banned kissing on campus after seeing couples canoodling in the shadows of the Columns one spring evening in 1929 so avoid the Columns on Friday nights. The University of Washington was founded in 1861 and has 180 undergraduate majors for you to choose from. University of Wisconsin University of Wisconsin is the top producer of Peace Corps volunteers. Both Vitamin A and B were discovered at U-W. In 2005, UW-Madison opened the first National Stem Cell Bank. U-W has earned the title of #1 Twitter account in Higher Education as well as #1 Hospital in the State of Wisconsin. You wouldnt necessarily pair those two titles together, but it works. About Kat StubingView all posts by Kat Stubing » Want access to successful supplemental essay examples? We don't blame you. UNLOCK THE ESSAYS »

Legistlative provisions and UK courts - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3322 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Abstract: UK as a Western Liberal state could be rightly described as pro human rights actor in terms of its membership with the UNO and EU. Both the UN and UNO have enshrined Human Rights in its Charter and Convention respectively. However, until 1998 the UK did not have a separate legislation for Human Rights and one known reason for its long delay was found in its parliamentary supremacy concept which stresses that the Parliament is not bound by any other law and no law is supreme but only the Parliament is supreme. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Legistlative provisions and UK courts" essay for you Create order Nevertheless, even after the Human Rights Act was passed the question arose as to the enforcement of provisions of the Human Rights Acts. The question whether if parliament pass any law which is inconsistent with the provisions of HR Act could cause conflict between two purposes, in other words it is the question of rising what will be position of Human Rights enforcement? It is felt by many that the courts should be given powers to strike down legislations which are inconsistent with the Human Rights provisions. There are counter arguments for this. This research will focus on how the UK courts have interpreted certain legislations whose provisions have certain inconsistencies with the Human Rights and also to discuss the how the Parliamentary sovereignty and Human Rights enforcement works simultaneously Key Words :European Convention on Human Rights; Human Rights act of 1998; Bill of Rights 1688; European Communities Act of 1972; Parliamentary sovereignty; Parliamentary sover eignty and the UK constitution; Case Law Chapter 1 Introduction I focused to research about the history of the Human rights in the UK , and how the involvement of European Convention on Human Rights and also the interference with the act which was established in the Parliament with the support of case laws Human rights are fundamental freedom of every human that protects their livesIt gives the entitlement of Right to life despite the facts such as man or women, boy or girl, race or skin colour ,religion or background ,Human Rights equal for all people , which set out the basic requirements of human with freedom and dignity [1] There were no equal protection to all for their rights in early centuries by common law[2] Human rights international security was generally seen as rather speculative. The critical issues widely considered to be how far security interest permitted [3] Human rights protect every human from political, legal, and social abuses at national a nd international levels, it gives us protection from right to freedom of religion, right to a fair trial, the right not to tortured as such are the few of rights which are currently practice in many countries ,most of the rights exist in morality[4] When it comes to United Kingdom, The UK constitution were identified as an unwritten constitution, but it is best way of relate is partly written and wholly uncodified , whichdiscovered from several ways. Its principal source is law of statute this where laws passed by the UK ParliamentStatute law is particularly important for determining the powers and scope of governmentParliamentarysovereignty isof the most important principle in UK constitution.[5] European Convention on Human Rights According to the parliament check and balance ,individual liberties contrast to safeguarding and the importance attached to the democratic accountability of Parliament,comparatively little significance was attributed to the European Convention o n Human Rights[6] There had been very little change in the British constitution before the United Kingdoms accession to the European Community in 1973 Real power was concentrated in the government, subject to what has turned out to be a fragile system of checks and balances[7] European Convention was the key source for drafting domestic laws before the Human rights Act , European Convention was limited by the constitutional doctrine of dualism ,It filter the law from international law from the national law it was clearly mention in the case of Blackburn v. Attorney General[8] further it elaborated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ courts take no notice of treaties until they are embodied in laws enacted by Parliament, and then only to the extent that Parliamentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [9]. In the case of Attorney General for Canada v Attorney-Gen. for Ontario[10] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the making of a Treaty is an executive act, while the performance of its obligations, if they entail alteration of the exi sting domestic law, requires legislative actionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [11] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“considerations of parliamentary sovereignty require that treaties alone cannot alter the United Kingdoms internal laws, for otherwise the government could evade parliamentary scrutiny of its proposals through the exercise of its treaty making powers Accordingly, treaties are not self-executing; to give rise to rights enforceable in U.K. courts their terms must be incorporated into an act of Parliamentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [12] While the European Convention, as an agreement between national governments, imposed obligations on the United Kingdom in international law, it did not impose obligations on Parliament or the government under British domestic law [13] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The European Convention on Human Rights is the oldest of the international legal instrument purporting to guarantee Human Rights, it is also a unique system. Constituting The nature of the supervisory system operating for the Euro pean Convention on Human Rights has dictated that its evolution go ahead on human rights instruments operating under the auspices of the United Nations or those economic ,social and cultural rights instruments operating in council of Europeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [14]In addition Human rights act will not have any obvious effect on the relationship between the courts and theParliament, it have a real impact on the relationship between the courts and the executive as well as the relationship between government and parliament [15] The European Court of Human Rights had about 271 cases which was found by the end of 2010, those are violation of European Convention of Human Rights by the United Kingdom. The decisions of those cases also influence on the approach adopted by UK.It was potentially engaged conventional rights with regulation of activities [16] Thus far the research has analyzed convention curative rather than the preventive legislation however the Human Rights Act also involved in many occasions. This research ensures the rest of approach goes ahead with the related case laws for more findingsAsper the studies European courts on Human Rights will lead our judges to evaluate their role within the constitution, some of the most significant development in English Public law in recent years had been triggered by courtsIt ripple effect on wholly domestic legal issues is forcefully illustrated by House of Lords In the case of Pepper v Hart 1992 House of Lord overturned 300 years old rule in concluding that courts could legitimately refer to ministerial speeches reports in Hansard as guide to the meaning of ambiguous statutory language, judgment followed EU related case Picstone v Freemans 1991[17] The Convention did have some effect on the domestic law of the United Kingdom. For example, the Convention was used as an aid to interpreting ambiguous legislationthe Convention could inform the exercise of administrative discretion and, on rare occasions, the Co nvention was used in the development of new common law rulesBut these effects were limited. The rule of legislative construction allowing reference to the Convention did not supersede, and was often subservient to, otherin the case likeAttorney Gen v Guardian Newspapers Ltd (1987) , Attorney Gen v British Broad Corp (1981) Derbyshire County Council v Times Newspapers Ltd (1992) the European Convention also influenced the exercise ofjudicial discretion[18] In the case of Marshall v Southampton S W Area Health Auth [1994) was discussed any act of Parliament found inconsistent with EC law and in such circumstances can grant injunctions against the Crown[19] I was discussed in the first chapter as introduction about the Human Rights and background of the European Convention on Human Rights and how it was influence to exercise the law with support of few cases Chapter 2 In the second chapter discussed about the statutes and mainly focus on the Human Rights Act as well as the act which was established before the Human Rights act of 1998 and how it was apply to the human rights and the sections of the Act and also other important Acts which was dealt the Human Right cases History of Human Rights in UK Human Rights act of 1998 is one of the most importance statues ever passed in UK which the act of Parliament was brought the rights set out in the European convention on Human rights into Domestic law of the United Kingdom .Which joins the other significant pieces of law in making up a large part of the UK constitution [20] In protection of Human Rights there is a strong intellectual tradition of opposing any enhancement of judicial powers, it has traditionally involve with different sources ,It safeguards individual freedom against unlawful imprisonment with right to appeal by the writ of habeas corpus, The scope of habeas corpus expanded further protection against arbitrary or unlawful detention [21] Magna Carta is one of the most important statutes issued in 1215. Bill of Rights 1688 This set up the constitution monarchy UK Bill of Rights This Commission on a Bill of Rights was established in March 2011 and is due to report by the end of 2012. It has also been suggested that the Commission could become deadlocked as its eight members are equally split between avowed supporters and detractors of the Human rights Act, it is comprised of eight white men and one white woman, with one Scot and no-one based in Wales or Northern Ireland[22] Protection of the individual rights Bill of Rights were procedural approaches before the Human Rights Act checks and balances, and the rule of law were clearly favored over the more substantive approach associated with a formal statement of entrenched individual liberties that are legally enforceable in the courts and supreme to ordinary legislation, late 1960s and early 1970s was the period deepening interest in emerging individual rights spurred a campaign ,Lord Lester and Lord Scarman for US style bill of rights led eminent figures , Until 1990 successive Cons ervative and Labour governments was resisted some proposals[23] No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, or deprived of his standing in any other way, no will we go ahead with force against him, or send others to do so, except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land[24] In the UK, a reconsider of comparative judicial decisions in human rights cases is therefore particularly timely. The interpretation of the Human Rights Act 1998 will bring with it the issue of how far British courts will use jurisprudence from other countries to help in arriving at decisions on the interpretation of the Act[25] European Communities Act of 1972 At the same time, the constitutional consequences of joining the European Community were being felt. The European Communities Act of 1972 incorporated into U.K. law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“all such rights powers, liabilities, obligations, and restrictions from time to time created or arising by or underà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  various treaties constituting the European Community [26] A series of cases established beyond peradventure that the United Kingdoms domestic courts can suspend, refuse to apply, or declare unlawful any act of Parliament found inconsistent with EC law and, in such circumstances, can grant injunctions against the Crownbelow mention cases established beyond peradventure that the United Kingdoms domestic courts can suspend R. v Secretory of State for Employment, ExparteEqual Opportunities Commn(1995) Transp. Secretory Ex parte Factortame Ltd (HL1990)R v Transp Secy, Ex parte Factortame Ltd (1991)Marshall v Southampton and S W Area Health Auth (1994)[27] Lord Lester stated enhancing the role of the British judiciary in reviewing acts of Parliament and other measures, the United Kingdoms experience in the European Union hadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ a profound impact upon the British constitution creating support for an enforceable Bill of Ri ghts and for a written constitution.By the time of the Labour Partys electoral landslide under the leadership of Tony Blair in 1997, the United Kingdom was poised for a constitutional revolution. United Kingdom is undergoing its most important period of constitutional change at least since it joined the European Communities in 1973 ,since the great constitutional upheavals of the seventeenth century, The Labour governments ambitious program centered on three reforms[28] Weakening of the influence of hereditary peers on proceedings in the House of Lords The devolution of important policy making powers to regional legislatures the Scottish Parliament, National Assembly for Wales, Northern Ireland Assembly established by the new government the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into the domestic law of the UK It was very challengeable to achieve these reforms for the government without disrupting the basic constitutional structure of United Kingdom more particularly, how to achieve devolution and incorporation of the European Convention while respecting the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. With devolution, this was accomplished by conceptualizing the regional legislatures as creatures [29] The Human Right Act 1998 It was debated in UK whether adopt bill of right since there were many proposal as alternative for the status within British constitutional system for individual rightsenumerated rights in the manner of the US Constitution was one option giving courts the power to declare any governmental action that is inconsistent with that charter unconstitutional and legally invalid and allowing the legislature to override such a declaration only by amending the charter with a supermajority vote. According to the conceptions of parliamentary sovereignty it was felt that a bill of rights which enjoyed fundamental and supreme authority would be too great a deviation from traditional Diceyan it was rejected the U.S model of entrenchmentThis bill was came to in Royal Assent in October 1998 but it was effective on 1st January 2000[30] The Human Rights Act of 1998 according to the governments white paper explaining the Acts purposes and describing its provisions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“intended to provide a new basis for judicial interpretation of all legislation, not a basis for striking down any part of ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ The Act does not go as far as the European Communities Act of 1972 in that it does not directly incorporate the European Convention into U.K. domestic law in the way the European Communities Act incorporated EC law into U.K. domestic law ,Instead, the Human Rights Act of 1998 identifies specific articles and protocols of the European Convention on Human Rights[31] Convention rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  it embeds them as principles into U.K. law ,some of convention rights are prohibition of torture or inhuman or degrading treatment[32] Right to liberty and security Right to a fair trial Right to privacy Right to freedom of thought Right to freedom of expression Right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions The right to education Above are the few of the rights to enjoy Convention rights without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth, or other status[33] Legislation cannot be reconciled with Convention rights through the application of the rule of statutory interpretation set out in Section 3 The effect of a declaration of incompatibility differs depending on the source of the legislation being challenged. It was found to violate a Convention right, the court can declare the legislation void and unenforceable unless the subordinate legislation was drafted to conform to an act of the U.K. Parliament whose terms effectively, prevent, removal of the incompatibility [34] Remedial order then must be approved by a resolution of both houses of Parliament so fast track procedure act itself specified judicial review contemplated by the Human Rights Act is reconciled with traditional notions of parliamentary sovereignty. The ultimate decision whether to amend or repeal an act found by the courts to be incompatible with Convention rights rests with Parliament itself[35] The Human Rights Act and the Judiciary The relationship most profoundly affected by the Human Rights Act is the relationship between Parliament and the judiciary. While the Human Rights Act was debated in the House of Lords[36] Human Rights Act represents a potentially significant redistribution of power under the constitution from the political branches to the courts This development is not necessarily surprising, given the perceived breakdown in the delicate system of checks and balances that lies at the heart of the British constitution In augmenting judicial power ,a process that began with the United Kingdoms accession to the European Community, the Human Rights Act helps offset the decline of the House of Lords, the weakening of the loyal opposition, and the margina lization of backbenchers as counterweights to the power of government ministers. [37] While the government in Parliament remains the most important power center in the U.K system power is much more widely diffused Whatever Dicey may have said a century ago, there is no longer a single sovereign anywhere within our constitution. While parliamentary sovereignty remains the bedrock of the British constitutional system, the Human Rights Act is an important part of an ongoing reconsideration of what parliamentary sovereignty means. And this concept, like the British constitution itself, is proving even more adaptable than previously imagined. The process of conceptualizing parliamentary sovereignty no doubt began with the European Communities Act of 1972 and the United Kingdoms commitment to be bound by EC law. While it may be that the United Kingdoms experience associated with European integration has not managed to shake British loyalty to the principle of parliamentary supremacy ,T he theoretical construct of parliamentary sovereignty will remain intact even as claims upon Parliaments real power are made by the operation of legislation enacted by Parliament itself [38] [1]John Rowe and Q.C David Hoffman ,Human Rights in the UK (2nd edn Oxford 2006) [2] Villiers Peter , Human Rights(1stedn 2001) page 9 [3]VojtechMastnyand Jan Zielonka , Human Rights and Security page 19,20 [4]Available at https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights-human/ accessed 10 March 2015 [5]Nicola McEwenBBC news (1 September, 2003) and https://news.bbc.co.uk/ [6]European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms as amended by Protocol No 4 in 1950 [7]The most important constitutional changes in the century before the European Communities Act 1972 were the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 ,Parliament Act, 1949, 12, 13, 14 Geo. 6, c . 103 (U. K ) Parliament Act, 1911, 1 2 Geo . 5 c . 13 UK [8] [9]With reference to the decision in the case ofBlackburn v. Attorney-Gen(1971) 2 All E. R. 1380, 1382 [10] [11]W. VicDouglas ,The Human Rights Act and the British Constitution and see John Wadham and Helen Mountfield, Blackst oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Guide to the Human Rights Act 1998 at 2ndedn 2000 [12]Richard Buxton, The Human Rights Act and Private Law (2ndedn 2000) page 48, 49 [13]European Communities Act 1972, c 68 2(1) [14] [15]Donna Gomien and David John Harris Law and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights and the European page 18 [16]Pannick and Lester David ,Anthony ,Human Rights Law and Practice London (2nd edition 2004) [17]Ian Loveland, Incorporating the European Convention on Human Rights into UK Law (1999) 52.1.113 [18]https://www.tilj.org/content/journal/37/num2/Vick329.pdfaccessed 30 March 2015 [19]Marshall v Southampton S W Area Health Auth (No. 2) 1994] Q B 126 (H L ) [20]https://www.tilj.org/content/journal/37/num2/Vick329.pdf [21]Aileen Kavanagh, Constitutional Review under the UK Human Rights Act (2nd edn Cambridge 2001),page 3 [22] Hansard : The Commission has also faced criticism for its lack of diversity16 June 2011, HC Vol.1049-ii Q 58 [23]https://www.tilj.org/content/journal/37/num2/Vick329.pdfaccessed 2nd April 2015 [24]https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/staritems/21magnacarta.html accessed 3nd April 2015 [25]Christopher Mc Crudden,journal of legal studies,Oxford 2000 [26]European Communities Act, 1972, c 68 [27]https://www.tilj.org/content/journal/37/num2/Vick329.pdfaccessed 5th April 2015 [28] abbit [29]House of Lords Act, 1999, c34, 1, 2(2) (UK )Created by the Scotland Act, 1998, c 46, 1(1) (U.K.).Created by the Government of Wales Act, 1998, c 38, 1(1) (U K) Northern Ireland Act, 1998, c 47 4(5) (UK )Human Rights Act, 1998, c 42 (UK ) [30] https://www.tilj.org/content/journal/37/num2/Vick329.pdfaccessed 6th April 2015 [31]Human Rights Act, 1998, c 42 1 [32]https://www.tilj.org/content/journal/37/num2/Vick329.pdfaccessed 10th April 2015 [33]Human Rights Act, 1998, c. 42, 1 [34] https://www.tilj.org/content/journal/37/num2/Vick329.pdfaccessed 12th April 20 15 [35]Government of Wales Act, 1998 and107(1)(a)(b) (U K ) [36] Griffith, The Common Law, supra note 28, at 42( seen https://www.tilj.org/content/journal/37/num2/Vick329.pdfaccessed 8th April 2015, e-book page 365) [37]https://www.tilj.org/content/journal/37/num2/Vick329.pdfaccessed 12th April 2015, e-book [38]https://www.tilj.org/content/journal/37/num2/Vick329.pdfaccessed 11th April 2015, e-book page 366

Strategic Human Resource Management The Pharmaceutical...

STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PART A – THE CHEMIST WAREHOUSE SEEMA VARMA 17711030 The Pharmaceutical industry is passing through a very challenging period in its evolution with the traditional approaches to conducting pharmaceutical research and development being increasingly challenged (Piachaud 2004, pg.xii). Successful pharmaceutical organizations have recognized the need to effectively leverage resources and so have come to rely on the wealth of expertise provided by specialist external suppliers, such as The Chemist Warehouse (Piachaud 2004, pg.xii). This essay will provide a short background to the nature and trends of the industry, administrative performance within the organization, including†¦show more content†¦The industry’s level of competitiveness is distinguished by a framework of decision making and payment (Guha, Lacy, Woodhouse 2007, p. 6). Specific drugs consumed by patients to treat particular conditions is mainly performed by physicians. Without consent, pharmacists are prohibited from substituting different branded drugs within the same therapeutic category (Guha, Lacy, Woodhouse 2007, p. 6). However, alterations for generic equivalents of prescribed medicines may be allowed if authorized. Furthermore, most patients share the costs of consuming prescription drugs with insurance plans, to which insurers and pharmacy benefit managers (‘PBMs’) can influence drug choice through the co-payments they charge their members (Guha, Lacy, Woodhouse 2007, p. 6). It is within this framework, price competition among trademarked medications arise at the level of insurers and pharmacy benefit managers, to which medical prescriptions are used to encourage purchasing behavior (Guha, Lacy, Woodhouse 2007, p. 6). In other words, depending on the prices paid by patients and insurers, companies compete via reimbursement in exchange for their products to be positioned more favorably. Other methods of brand competition include medications contesting through promotions that undertake a variety of procedures. Due to physicians being responsible for prescribing drugs, sales representatives of featured drug

Analysis of Secure Real Time Transport Protocol on Voip over Free Essays

string(125) " experiments will receive two types of modes: i\) one-to-one call conversation; ii\) multi conference call \(many-to-many\)\." Mohd Nazri Ismail / (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering Vol. 02, No. 03, 2010, 898-902 Analysis of Secure Real Time Transport Protocol on VoIP over Wireless LAN in Campus Environment Mohd Nazri Ismail Department of MIIT, University of Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), MALAYSIA mnazrii@miit. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Secure Real Time Transport Protocol on Voip over or any similar topic only for you Order Now unikl. edu. my Abstract- In this research, we propose to implement Secure Real Time Transport Protocol (SRTP) on VoIP services in campus environment. Today, the deployment of VoIP in campus environment over wireless local area network (WLAN) is not considered on security during communication between two parties. Therefore, this study is to analyzed SRTP performance on different VoIP codec selection over wired. We have implemented a real VoIP network in University of Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), Malaysia. We use softphone as our medium communication between two parties in campus environment. The results show that implementation of SRTP is able to improve the VoIP quality between one-to-one conversation and multi conference call (many-to-many). In our experiment, it shows that iLBC, SPEEX and GSM codec are able to improve significantly the multi conference (many-to-many) VoIP quality during conversation. In additional, implementation of SRTP on G. 711 and G. 726 codec will decrease the multi conference (many-to-many) VoIP quality. Keywords- Codecs, Softphone, SRTP, WLAN I. INTRODUCTION AND RELATED WORKS University of Kuala Lumpur (UniKL) has implemented a real VoIP over wireless LAN in campus environment. This implementation is not covered any security features. Therefore, the objective of this study is to enable the security function using Secure Real Time Transport Protocol (SRTP). We will study the performance of SRTP on different codec such as G. 711, G. 726, GSM, iLBC and SPEEX. iLBC is a speech codec developed for robust voice communication over IP, it uses 13. 33 Kbps. It provides low delay and high packet loss robustness for low-bit rate codec’s. SPEEX codec is open source patent-free audio compression format designed for speech. Codec is an algorithm used to encode and decode the voice conversation. Secure Real Time Transport Protocol (SRTP) defines a profile of Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP), intended to provide ncryption, message authentication and integrity and replay protection to the RTP data in both unicast and multicast applications. Previous work is to evaluate the trade-off existing between quality of service and security when SRTP [6] is employed to protect RTP (Real Time Protocol) sessions on VoIP calls [5]. There is no such study has been conducted on comparison of VoIP one-to-one call and multi conference call (many-to-many) perfo rmance using SRTP functionality. With its promise of inclusion, innovation, and growth, VoIP also brings challenges. VoIP is not easy to secure. It suffers all of the problems associated with any Internet application, and VoIP security is complicated by its interconnection to the PSTN. A host of trust, implementation, and operational complexities make securing VoIP particularly complex. In fact, the same aspects that make the VoIP software model so powerful—its flexible, open, distributed design—are what make it potentially problematic [7][8]. Various security requirements have to be met to secure VoIP transmission: Authentication, Privacy and Confidentiality, Integrity, Non repudiation, Non replay and Resource availability [9]. The threats faced by a VoIP are similar to other applications including: unwanted communication (spam), privacy violations (unlawful intercept), impersonation (masquerading), theft-of service, and denial-of-service [10]. II. METHODOLOGY We have setup a real wireless network environment to analyze and measure implementation of VoIP service using security function (SRTP) at University of Kuala Lumpur (UniKL) in Malaysia. This study posits several research questions: i) what is the STRP performance level of the VoIP over WLAN based on one-to-one call and multi conference call? nd ii) which codecs are able to provide better improvement of VoIP conversation? Figure 2. 1 and Figure 2. 2 show the flow of VoIP conversation call between one-to-one and multi conference. We measure our voice quality using human perception. Mean Opinion Score (MOS) technique is the best approach to measure and ISSN : 0975-3397 898 Mohd Nazri Ismail / (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and Engineer ing Vol. 02, No. 03, 2010, 898-902 validate voice quality between one-to-one call and multi conference call. Figure 2. 3 shows the measurement of VoIP performance over WLAN using SRTP implementation. We also test on different codecs selection such G. 711, G. 726, GSM, iLBC and SPEEX. III. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Figure 2. 1: VoIP over One-to-One Conversation This section measures and compares VoIP performance over WLAN using SRTP function. In voice and video communication, quality usually dictates whether the experience is a good or bad one. Besides the qualitative description we hear, like ‘quite good’ or ‘very bad’, there is a numerical method of expressing voice and video quality. It is called Mean Opinion Score (MOS). MOS can be tested using: i) human perception; ii) simulation model; and iii) automated system [1] [2]. MOS gives a numerical indication of the perceived quality of the media received after being transmitted and eventually compressed using codecs. MOS is expressed in one number, from 1 to 5, 1 being the worst and 5 the best. MOS is quite subjective; as it is based figures that result from what is perceived by people during tests (refer to Table 3. 1). We will select five different users to evaluate and rate the VoIP performance using SRTP and without SRTP functionality. When users cannot get a dial tone or there are excessive delays in ringing the other party’s phone, VoIP performance is unacceptable. Call quality is a function of packet loss rate, delay, and jitter is typically represented as a MOS [3], [4]. Table 3. 1: Mean Opinion Score (MOS) Ratings Mean Opinion Score (MOS) Ratings Excellent 5 (Perfect. Like face-to-face conversation Figure 2. 2: VoIP over Many-to-Many (Multi Conference) Conversation Good Fair Poor Bad or radio reception) 4 (Fair. Imperfections can be perceived, but sound still clear. This is (supposedly) the range for cell phones) 3 (Annoying) 2 (Very annoying. Nearly impossible to communicate) 1 (Impossible to communicate) Figure 3. shows the configuration of codec protocol such as G. 711, G. 726, GSM, iLBC and SPEEX. This 3CX softphone is able to active ‘Echo Cancellation’ and ‘SRTP’. The VoIP experiments will receive two types of modes: i) one-to-one call conversation; ii) multi conference call (many-to-many). You read "Analysis of Secure Real Time Transport Protocol on Voip over" in category "Essay examples" Figure 3. 2 shows the result of VoIP one-to-one conversation. Figure 3. 3 shows the result of VoIP multi conference (many-to-many) call. Figure 2. 3: Measurement and Evaluation of VoIP over WLAN using SRTP Approach ISSN : 0975-3397 899 Mohd Nazri Ismail / (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering Vol. 2, No. 03, 2010, 898-902 improvement on VoIP quality performance and at the same time able to provide element of security (refer to Table 3. 3 and Figure 3. 5). The significant improvement is GSM and SPEEX codecs after implemented SRTP. Table 3. 2: Multi Conference without SRTP User Codec Figure 3. 1: 3CX Softphone Codec and SRTP Configuration G. 711 G. 726 GSM iLBC SPEEX User 1 3 4 1 2 5 User 2 3 3 1 2 4 User 3 2 3 1 3 4 User 4 3 4 1 2 4 User 5 2 4 1 2 5 Figure 3. 2: One-to-One Call Conversation Result Figure 3. 4: Users Rate VoIP for Multi Conference Call Without SRTP Table 3. : Multi Conference with SRTP User Codec G. 711 G. 726 GSM iLBC SPEEX Figure 3. 3: Multi Conference Call ( many-tomany) Conversation Result Most of the users agreed and rates this VoIP without SRTP will provide a good quality for G. 711 and G. 726 codecs. Other users agreed and rates 4 to 5 ratings for SPEEX codec without using SRTP during multi conference conversation (refer to Table 3. 2 and Figure 3. 4). After implemented SRTP on VoIP during multi conference session occurs, it shows some User 1 2 3 4 5 5 User 2 1 3 4 5 5 User 3 1 2 3 4 5 User 4 2 2 3 4 5 User 5 1 2 3 4 5 ISSN : 0975-3397 900 Mohd Nazri Ismail / (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering Vol. 02, No. 03, 2010, 898-902 Table 3. 5: One-to-One Call with SRTP User Codec G. 711 G. 726 GSM iLBC SPEEX User 1 2 3 2 4 5 User 2 1 3 2 4 4 User 3 1 2 2 4 5 User 4 2 2 2 4 4 User 5 2 3 2 4 5 Figure 3. 5: Users Rate VoIP for Multi Conference Call With SRTP Most of the users agreed and rates this VoIP oneto-one call without SRTP will also provide low quality for G. 711, G. 726 and GSM codecs. Other users agreed and rates 3 and 5 ratings for iLBC and SPEEX codecs without using SRTP during one-to-one call (refer to Table 3. and Figure 3. 6). After implemented SRTP on VoIP during one-to-one session occurs, it shows significant improvement on VoIP quality performance for G. 711, G. 726, GSM, iLBC and SPEEX over WLAN (refer to Table 3. 5 and Figure 3. 7). Table 3. 4: One-to-One Call Without SRTP User Codec G. 711 G. 726 GSM iLBC SPEEX User 1 2 1 2 3 5 User 2 2 2 2 3 4 User 3 2 1 2 4 4 User 4 1 1 1 3 4 U ser 5 1 2 2 4 4 Figure 3. 7: Users Rate VoIP for One-to-One Call with SRTP Figure 3. 8 and Figure 3. 9 show the average MOS score for VoIP conversation over one-to-one call and multi conference call (many-to-many), respectively. VoIP Conversation over Multi Conference Call: Before implemented SRTP, the average MOS score for G. 711 is 2. 5, 3. 5 for G. 726, 1 for GSM, 2. 1 for iLBC and 4. 5 for SPEEX. After implemented SRTP, the average MOS score for G. 711 and G. 726 are decreased the ratings approximately 1 to 2. 5. GSM, iLBC and SPEEX codecs show the average MOS score are 3. 5, 4. 5 and 5. GSM, iLBC and SPEEX codec show the increasing of VoIP performance after implemented SRTP (refer to Figure 3. 8). VoIP Conversation over One-to-One Call: Before implemented SRTP, the average MOS score for G. 711 is 1. , 1. 4 for G. 726, 1. 8 for GSM, 3. 5 for iLBC and 4. 2 for SPEEX. After implemented SRTP, the average MOS score shows the significant improvement for G. 711, G. 726, GSM, iLBC and SPEEX codecs. Therefore, implementation of SRTP can improve the VoIP quality performance for one-to-one call over WLAN (refer to Figure 3. 9). Figure 3. 6: Users Rate VoIP for One-to-One Call without SRTP ISSN : 0975-3397 901 Mohd Nazri Ismail / (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering Vol. 02, No. 03, 2010, 898-902 dependency conditions that could influence voice quality. Future work, we will extend our experiment on VoIP over VPN implementation in Campus environment. References [1]. Moura N. T. ; Vianna B. A. ; Albuquergue C. V. N; Rebello V. E. F Boeres C. â€Å"MOS-Based Rate Adaption for VoIP Sources†. IEEE International Conference on Communication, pp. 628-633, 2007. [2]. Masuda M. Ori K. â€Å"Delay Variation Metrics for Speech Quality Estimation of VoIP†. Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers (IEIC) Technical Report, Vol. 101(11), pp. 101-106, 2001. [3]. R. G. Cole J. H. Rosenbluth. â€Å"Voice over IP Performance Monitoring†. SIGCOMM Computer Communication Rev. Vol. 31(2), pp. 9-24, 2001. [4]. L. Ding R. Goubran. â€Å"Speech Quality Prediction in VoIP Using the Extended e-Model. Global Telecommunication Conference, GLOBECOM ’03. IEEE, Vol. 7, pp. 3974-3978, 2003. [5]. Alexandre P. ; Edjair M. ; Edjard M. â€Å"Analysis of the Secure RTP Protocol on Voice over Wireless Networks using Extended MedQoS†. Proceedings of the 2009 ACM symposium on Applied Computing, pp. 86 – 87, 2009. [6]. M. Baugher, D. McGrew, M. Naslund, E. Carrara, K. Norrman. â€Å"The Secure Real- Time Transport Protocol (SRTP)†. RFC 3711 (Proposed Standard), March 2004. [7] Douglas C. Sicker Tom L. VoIP Security: Not an Afterthought†, FEATURE: Q focus: Voice Over IP, Vol. 2(6), pp. 56-64, 2004. [8] Vesselin I. , Theodor T. , Amdt T. â€Å"Experiences in VoIP telephone network security policy at the University of Applied Sciences (FHTW) Berlin†, Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Computer systems and technologi es, Bulgaria, Vol. 285(3), 2007. [9] Wafaa B. D. , Samir T. , Carole B. â€Å"Critical vpn security analysis and new approach for securing voip communications over vpn networks†, Proceedings of the 3rd ACM workshop on Wireless multimedia networking and performance modelling,Chania, Crete Island, Greece, pp. 2-96, 2007. [10] Nekita A. C. , Chhabria S. A. â€Å"Multiple design patterns for voice over IP security†, Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication and Control, Mumbai, India, pp. 530 – 534, 2009. Figure 3. 8: VoIP Conversation over Multi Conference Call over WLAN Figure 3. 9: VoIP Conversation over One-to-One Call over WLAN IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK Based on the results, implementation of SRTP using GSM, iLBC and SPEEX codecs are able to generate high quality of VoIP conversation WLAN for one-to-one conversation and multi conference call (many-to-many). After implemented SRTP for multi conference call (many-to-many), the MOS result indicates that G. 711 and G. 726 codec will decrease the performance of VoIP conversation over WLAN. Overall of our finding, it confirms that enable SRTP will improve and increase the quality of one-to-one VoIP conversation and VoIP over multi conference call (only for iLBC, GSM and SPEEX codecs). Since the manual/human MOS tests are quite subjective and less than productive in many ways, there are nowadays a number of software tools that carry out automated MOS testing in a VoIP deployment. Although they lack the human touch, the good thing with these tests is that they take into account all the network ISSN : 0975-3397 902 Copyright of International Journal on Computer Science Engineering is the property of Engg Journals Publications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. How to cite Analysis of Secure Real Time Transport Protocol on Voip over, Essay examples

In the Blink of an Eye free essay sample

Within a merely a few seconds not much could happen. You may blink or turn your head, but also, within those few seconds, someone’s life could abruptly end. Not many people realize how short and precious our lives are on this earth; people often disregard death because they do not want to think about the inevitable. I had been one of these people until about five years ago, when a man in his late forties had his life taken away from him. His name, to me, was Uncle Mangold, although he had really only been a close family friend. Uncle Mangold was the kind of man that everybody loved after having just one conversation with him. He loved to sing with his family and friends and I will never forget dancing around the room with him and feeling elated. He had a joy in him that people loved, and he never had anything bad to say about anyone. We will write a custom essay sample on In the Blink of an Eye or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This joy that he had came from his faith, he had become a strong Christian man throughout years of fighting and heartbreak. He had been a great example for everyone around him. One day, it had only been drizzling as Uncle Mangold was driving home. Turning a corner, his car hydroplaned and flipped over multiple times. He and his friend, who had been sitting in the front seat, were able to crawl out of the car with the help of some witnesses of the crash, and just a few minutes later, the car exploded leaving Uncle Mangold severely injured. Days went by, and his friends and family went to visit him, but I did not. I had been afraid to see him in so much pain, so I decided to wait until he had recovered a little. Just a few days later that week Uncle Mangold passed away from the intense surgeries he had undergone, and internal bleeding from the crash. My heart was broken, and although I can never truly forgive myself for not going to see him one last time, I took so much away from th at experience. I realized that life is too short to wait, or worry about the little details. If we love someone, we should let them know before it is too late, we should live every day like it is our last, and we should leave this earth with no regrets. Uncle Mangold taught me how to serve the Lord and live my life for Him and how to love people unconditionally. He opened my eyes to the fact that although we may not be friends with everyone, hating them will not get us anywhere in life. Disliking people takes joy out of you, and Uncle Mangold taught me that in order to have joy you must love with all of your heart and never take life for granted. Uncle Mangold was and forever will be my hero and the perfect example for life.