St. Boniface and Catholicism in Germany - 1674 Words

Prior to the work of St. Boniface in central Germany from 716 to 754 A.D., the local Hessian and Thuringian people worshiped pagan gods and honored living things essential to daily life, such as the oak trees of the surrounding forests, which provided everything from building materials to nuts for food. Though Christianity had been introduced to this area, the current practice was actually heresy because people practiced a blend of Christian and pagan beliefs and rituals. St. Boniface not only returned Catholicism to Germany, but kept heresy, the Church’s main challenge during this time period, out of central Germany. St. Boniface’s goal was to expand the Catholic Church in Germany, making certain that that the political authorities were firmly committed to Christianity. He went further, and was not only Pope Gregory’s missionary to Germany, but also purified the faith of the people, removing the culturally ingrained practices of paganism. During this time peri od, some Germans didnt fully understand Christianity, and although many in Upper Hesse converted, they still practiced their old pagan rituals. St. Boniface built schools and seminaries in Upper Hesse. The area fully converted to Catholicism thanks to the teachings of faithful priests and teachers who were brought in by Boniface to teach the full truth of the Catholic Church without aspects of the old pagan beliefs or rituals included. The eighth-century Germans used gods to explain the different things in

The Six Branches Of Chemistry - 1482 Words

List and define the six main branches of chemistry ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Organic chemistry involves the study of the structure, properties, and preparation of chemical compounds that consist primarily of carbon and hydrogen. organic chemistry the study of most carbon containing compounds INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Inorganic chemistry is the study of the properties and behaviour of inorganic compounds. It covers all chemical compounds except organic compounds. Inorganic chemists study things such as crystal structures, minerals, metals, catalysts, and most elements in the Periodic Table. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Analytical chemistry involves the qualitative and quantitative determination of the chemical components of substances. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Physical Chemistry —the study of the effect of chemical structure on the physical properties of a substance. Physical chemists typically study the rate of a chemical reaction, the interaction of molecules with radiation, and the calculation of structures and properties. - BIOCHEMISTRY Biochemistry is the study of chemical reactions that take place in living things. It tries to explain them in chemical terms. Biochemical research includes cancer and stem cell biology, infectious disease, and cell membrane and structural biology. It spans molecular biology, genetics, biochemical pharmacology, clinical biochemistry, and agricultural biochemistry. THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY the use of math and computers to understand the principles being observed andShow MoreRelatedA Chemy Called Al By Wendy Isdell1197 Words   |  5 PagesJulie. Julie s life is filled with many adventures. She is very inquisitive and is always one to turn to critical thinking. From the beginning of the book, the reader can instantly connect concepts from the opening chapter with science, especially chemistry/physical science. 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How does JB Priestley get across his message about responsibility in the play An Inspector Calls Essay Example For Students

How does JB Priestley get across his message about responsibility in the play An Inspector Calls Essay Responsibility is a key factor in the play which somehow no one seems to acknowledge, responsibility is all about being the primary case of something and so able to be blamed or credited for it. Yet J. B Priestley takes advantage of the characters not being able to accept responsibility of anything which then leads to a death with everyone refusing to take responsibility when they all uniquely had a part to blame in the death. But whether they accept this blame is another question altogether. Arthur Birlings is a successful industrial business man and the inhabitants of Brumley owe to him their employment. For example Mr. Birling did have Eva smith as one of his employees but he discharged her due to wanting an increase in pay. Whereas Mr. Birling strongly puts forward an idea that a man should only care for himself and his family. Well its my duty to keep the costs down we were paying the usual rates and if they didnt like it they could go work somewhere else page 15 I told the girl to clear out and she went Page 16 Mr. Birling is not a bad man and probably considers himself to be a good employer but he still really refuses to accept any responsibility towards Eva Smith whatsoever, but his daughter Sheila was just as much to blame for the incident because she was so envious and jealous of this Eva Smith, so much that she complained about her to the manager of the shop at Milwards. She clearly told him that if he didnt get rid of the girl she would never go near the place again- she stated that the girl was impertinent. Ghoole clocks onto this and states that she was clearly jealous of her and when he suggests it she comments back: Yes I suppose so. Page 24 So she clearly had a part to blame just as much as her father accept the only difference is that she accepts this responsibility- Sheilas husband to be Gerald did pay a major part of the blame because he had a secret affair with Eva and paid her stolen money from his dad to keep her going. But he clearly quotes the relationship not to be disgusting you know it wasnt disgusting page 38. Gerald was a major part of her life so he did take some of the responsibility but he did later pass it onto his mother who had refused to give her any help stating that she didnt believe her and the worse part is, is that Eva had no where else to turn but still Mrs. Birling refused any acknowledge of the responsibility at all and tries her hardest to blame everyone else until it all comes out that Eric had got drunk a few times and had sex with her and she ended up getting pregnant, but when Eric found out that she was dead he clearly and quickly blamed his mother and not himself for getting her in that state in the first place. Thus proving that none of the family really truly accepted responsibility other then Sheila, but does the main culprit Mrs. Birling break down and really accept what she has done no? The Burling family represents a pretentious part of society; they believe themselves to be superior and upper class. The play was set in 1912 this was the era where workers were at the mercy of their employers. The Birlings were lucky they had the money, lifestyle but money never brought true happiness and is still the same today. Their were few laws to save workers from exploitation and no welfare state to support them, so people like the burling family take advantage of this and people like Eva smith are no exception. Priestley believes that the rich, many of whom made money from the labour of the poor, and that they should feel responsible for them and that we should all care for each other as individuals. The Birlings refuse to accept this and Priestley reflects this in the book. What or Who is Responsible for the  Deaths of Romeo and Juliet EssayHis final words we are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. And I tell you that the time will come when, If men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught in fire, blood and anguish. These words would not be lost on a 1945 audience- with its churchillian echoes. The Inspector is skilful at getting people to condemn themselves. He gets Gerald to suggest (page 27) that young women should be protected against unpleasant and disturbing things and then says, Well we know one young woman, who wasnt dont we? The Inspectors comments to Mrs. Birling about young people-theyre more impressionable (page 30)- adds weight to our feelings that the older generation is fixed in its attitudes and that if society is to become more caring and more just it will have to be through the efforts of the young. Talking about Erics excessive drinking (page 32) Sheila says But we really must stop these silly pretences In a wider sense this is very much a central theme in the play. Priestley is saying that we all tend to hide our weakness from ourselves- which the veneer of pretence needs to be stripped from society. The play could be called a modern morality play because Priestley based the play around reality. He used the Inspector to get across his views in a strong and vigilant way. There is a lot of meaning in Mrs. Birling comment; I must say we are learning something tonight They are learning not only about Geralds infidelity and not only about Alderman Meggartys drinking and womanising. They are learning a great deal about themselves as the Inspector strips away their veneer of respectability although the elder Birlings do not realise it yet. The audience is meant to feel that it is not only the Birling family that are on trial. Men like Alderman Meggartys, from a privileged social position, also treated Daisy Renton (and other girls) badly. In one sense the whole of society is on trial, this is what Priestley wants the audience to feel. Priestleys sympathy for the plight of girls like Eva smith is evident. It is part of his deeply felt, genuine concern for humanity, not just the expression of a political opinion. Throughout the play Responsibility is a key issue and he really reflects it well in the characters, so overall Priestly gets his message across about responsibility really well he uses the Inspector as a key source to express his feelings and opinions about responsibility towards all women etc and how they are treated. I think that the audience feel shocked at the very end of the play because its not what they expected to happen and that Priestley used the plot twist really well and created real good suspense. Priestley wrote the play in 1945 at the end of world war 2 but he set it in 1912 I believe this to be because he wanted to start it at the beginning of the war, he was trying to explain that the society in that time was badly- run worn down and women was just not treated as equals and this frustrated Priestley. I found that from reading the play that it was well written and that he did a splendid job of showing us a glimpse of society in that particular era. He really puts it across in a really positive way.

Paralysis Essay Example

Paralysis Essay Paralysis In James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby†, â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å" A Little Cloud† the chief theme that holds the stories together is the failure to find way out of paralysis. Though, at first glance, the stores seem simply to be realistic, objective descriptions of everyday life in Dublin, they are psychologically eventful. The psychological action often takes the form of an epiphany in which a commonplace action or object brings a character an unexpected revelation truth and a deep understanding of life. The moral center of these short sttories , however, is not paralysis alone by the revelation of paralysis to its victims how it affects the characters emotional state by rendering them helpless and with the inability to act or make decisions. This paralysis exits due to religious, social or political forces. The dream to escape, with the delusion of detachment from these entrapments, is what Joyce’s characters are seeking. However, by sudden spiritual insights presented with Joyce’s epiphanies, the characters realize their inability to change their current frustrating situations that they are trapped with. Araby†, the third short story in the Dubliners is about a boy who becomes disappointed with the world of self-delusion. Throughout the story, Joyce uses symbolism and contrasts darkness and lightness. The contrast between dark and light represents the boy’s world and how he is living in a world of spiritual stagnation, and as a result, his outlook on the world is severely limited. He is innocent, ignorant and lost. He can only see specific images of a frustrating boring life in a dying and unimaginative city that presented his paralyzed environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Paralysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Paralysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Paralysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He is searching for the light that he needs for his spirituality. Mangan’s sister, the only symbol of light, appears in the boy’s world of darkness. Because of her, he finds himself entering a new experience, his first love and his imagination and vocabulary while thinking about her is limited by the experiences of his religious training and he romantic novels he has read. The result is an idealistic and confused feeling of physical and spiritual love. Although he has â€Å"Never spoken to her, except for a few casual words† (Joyce 22), her name became a â€Å"summons to all his foolish blood† (Joyce 22). She becomes an image to all he seeks. In his only conversation with her, she reveals that she will not be able to go to the â€Å"Araby† bazaar, although she would like to. She suggests that he should go. He speaks impulsively: â€Å"If I go, I will bring you some thing† (Joyce 23). His opportunity has come. he will go to â€Å"Araby†, which represents his soul’s luxuries, then he can bring a talisman, the Arabian symbol of restoring life. At this point, he feels that the lost light of his world will be restored. However, he spends his days and nights thinking and dreaming about the enchanted Eastern world, â€Å"Araby†. He builds his hopes and dreams on the moment when he goes to the â€Å"Araby† bazaar and brings something for the one he loves. The delay he encounters from his uncle to get the money needed to go to the â€Å"Araby† bazaar frustrates him. Finally, his uncle arrives. His uncle feels sorry for him, because he knows that he will be disappointed after all these dreams of going to the bazaar. He reminds him about â€Å"The Arabs farewell to his steed† (Joyce 26) which stands for the Arabs willingness to welcome his departed horse is only in his dreams. It mirrors his farewell to romantic illusions. Arriving at the bazaar, he finds it nearly empty. He realizes, â€Å"a silence like that which pervades a church after service† (Joyce 26). The church is empty; it is not attended by the faithful nor does it contain the spirituality he seeks. Suddenly the boy realizes that he has placed all his love and hope in a world that doesn’t exists, except in his imagination. He experiences an epiphany, his awakening moment, from a world full of light and truth to broken dreams that led to the first steps of his adulthood. From the youthfulness frustration and disillusioned world in a paralyzed society, Joyce’s journey continues to give us a glimpse of passivity in the adolescence world in the same dying city; this journey started by â€Å"Eveline†, the fourth story in Dubliners. â€Å"Eveline† concentrates on a nineteen-year old girl’s inner conflict which consists of a contrast between the promise she gave to her dying mother and the need to escape her abusive father. The stillness and lack of movement in Eveline in particular is what Brewster Ghiselin explains in his article â€Å"The Unity of Dubliners† : â€Å" In Dubliners the meaning of movement is further complicated by the thematic important that symbolic paralysis which Joyce himself referred to, an arrest imposed from within not by the â€Å"nets† of external circumstance, but by a deficiency of impulse of power† (59). The stillness can be seen in the first three sentences that Joyce chose to be the setting for most of the story: â€Å"She sat at the window watching the evening invade the avenue. Her head was leaned against the window curtains and in her nostrils was the odor of dusty cretonne. She was tired. † Although the third sentence is very brief, it directly announces to the reader of Eveline’s exhaustion how she is tired of her life in Ireland. Eveline’s problems with the father’s violence adds to her exhaustion: â€Å"Even now, though she was over nineteen, she sometimes felt herself in danger of her father’s violence. † and is a metaphor for the imprisonment of Ireland. However, the meaning connecting the words â€Å"invade† and â€Å"the dusk† give the reader a sense of Eveline’s passivity and that her â€Å"Fatigue was more than physical, it was a dreadful weariness of spirit as she approached the verge of impasse† (Beck 113) The theme of paralysis is dominating her thoughts, the main problem Eveline is suffering from, as are all the other characters in Dubliners. She feels paralyzed of her fear to leave Ireland. It’s all about her â€Å"state of mind: that she has been reduced by her situation and by her own reaction to a helpless, passive condition. By comparing her to an animal, the teller does not suggest by any means that she is subhuman, simply that her condition is one of severe, paralyzing fear† (Riqelme 76) After Eveline receives her epiphany, she finds that her hard life that she is used to living is much easier than confronting her few and discovering a new enjoyable like with Frank. In â€Å"A Little Cloud†, the theme of paralysis is again presented, but this time by juxtaposing what is being said with what is being though, even more specifically what is told and what’s going on in little Chandler’s mind. A great example is in the way the narrator presents the physical surroundings in the street while Chandler makes his way to meet his friend Gallagher at the bar where â€Å"while little Chandler ignores his present physical surroundings and their past, the narrator turns them both into striking, rhythmical language† (Riquelme 80). It’s the technique that symbolized with the story’s title â€Å" Little Cloud†. It’s â€Å" Little Chandler’s† cloudy mind and his paralyzed character that enabled him to recognize his identity or his surroundings until the end of the story where his miserable epiphany is realized. The theme of paralysis in â€Å"Little Cloud† is first offered by the location of little Chandler’s office in â€Å"Kings Inn† where Chandler is sitting in his office watching figures through the window. This gives the reader the same sense of passivity encountered in reading â€Å"Eveline† where she was sitting at the window, to conclude that Chandler’s office symbolizes his first imprisonment. His economic position and his uninteresting, dull job that offer him little to no satisfaction except for the slight pleasure he feels at the end of the workday signify his acceptance of paralysis as an unavoidable condition with no hope to escape. Little Chandler accepts his paralysis as his fate as Joyce explains â€Å" he felt how useless it was to struggle against fortune, this being the burden of wisdom which the ages had bequeathed to him† (66) We also get a glimpse into Chandler’s domestic life, which shows how paralyzed the whole family is. Little Chandler realizes, while holding his little child that he is unhappy with everything in his life, including is wife. The baby’s crying becomes a metaphor for the feelings that Chandler has been overcome with all day. In addition, he realizes that he is â€Å" a prisoner for life† as the baby’s crying becomes screaming. Chandler’s tragic epiphany was that his present situation is his own fault, in which he then bursts out in a should at his helpless child. The theme of paralysis is repeated again to signify an unproductive, unhappy man in the stage of maturity that is trapped between his incomplete identity and the social and political entrapments which surround him. Many people today are suffering from the entrapments that Joyce’s characters are suffering from. Due to cultural, traditional, religious or political forces, people live under pressure that limits their minds and hearts. Years pass and the pressure piles up on every aspect of our human identities until they lose their self-possessions and end up with a wide spread acceptance for their self-imprisonment and oppressive ways of living. Consequently, people’s views of life become narrower, their hearts and minds become rigid, and their inner being die years before their physical death. Joyce’s epiphanies, which are considered to be his creative fictional invention and his writing technique are both employed to give readers means to visualize their position from the world. If they happen to be one of the few lucky individuals whom are able to rescue themselves from the traps of special conventions such as religions and political expectations; only at that moment, the moment of detachment, the moment of freedom, people should consider themselves alive.